Stress Incontinence

Causes -Weakening of pelvic floor muscle and reduced urethral closure pressure -Increased intra-abdominal pressure -More common in females with multiparity, obesity, chronic cough, constipation and elderly Signs and Symptoms -The complaint of involuntary urinary leakage on effort or exertion, or on sneezing or coughing.

Urge Incontinence

Causes -Common in people who have overactive bladder -Due to involuntary detrusor contractions -Or due to damage of Central Nervous System inhibitory pathways, e.g. Central Vascular Disease, Parkinson's, etc. Signs and Symptoms -The complaint of involuntary urinary leakage accompanied by or immediately preceded by urgency. •

Overflow Incontinence

Causes -Due to neurogenic problem, leading to absence of detrusor activity. -Over-distended bladder to a point where the elevated intra-vesical pressure overcomes the urethral resistance, leading to overflow incontinence. Signs and Symptoms -Frequent leakage of small amount of urine with or without urgency. •

Functional Incontinence

Causes -Physical disability -Mental disability -Environmental barrier Signs and Symptoms -Due to environmental barrier, physical or mental disability, clients are not able to go to toilet on time.

Nocturnal Enuresis

Causes -Common in people who have involuntary detrusor contractions. Signs and Symptoms -Urinary incontinence occurs during sleeping